INS and Insulin resistance: Taken together, we are not confident whether we can hypothesize that S. infantis is involved in the mechanism of inflammation and metabolic imbalance, causing local inflammation in the GM and activating systemic inflammation, leading many inflammatory cytokines to be released into target organs where insulin acts, inhibiting the activity of proteins related to the insulin signaling pathway, causing β-cell damage or necrosis, and ultimately inducing insulin resistance and GDM disease.