Interestingly, and in parallel with studies carried out in mice, loss-of-function mutations in the DECTIN-1, CARD9, STAT3, RORC, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17RA, IL-17RC, TRAF3IP2, and JNK1 genes have been identified in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), which indicates that both innate immunity and adaptive immunity are involved in the human antifungal immune response (22, , , , , , –29). This evidence concerns the gene CARD9 and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.