Interestingly, and in parallel with studies carried out in mice, loss-of-function mutations in the DECTIN-1, CARD9, STAT3, RORC, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17RA, IL-17RC, TRAF3IP2, and JNK1 genes have been identified in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), which indicates that both innate immunity and adaptive immunity are involved in the human antifungal immune response (22, , , , , , –29). The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.