For example, patients with mesothelioma or glioblastoma have not benefited from either Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1/CD279)/Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1/CD274) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) treatments at a comparable rate as patients with Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or cutaneous melanoma. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is glioblastoma.