Similar studies were conducted by Dou et al. [27], who showed that SKOV3 cells genetically modified to secrete biologically active IL-21 and GM-CSF were effective in inducing anti-tumor immunity by increasing NK cytotoxicity, promoting the expression of MIC A/B, ICAM-1, and NKG2D molecules, as well as increasing IFN-γ and TNF-α in the nude mouse model. Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.