TNF and diabetes mellitus: The increase in plasma concentrations of AGEs, either due to an increase in their consumption or due to their intrinsic formation, as well as the subsequent activation of RAGE, is known as the AGE–RAGE axis, which functions as a powerful inducer of proinflammatory pathways by promoting the synthesis of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL, VCAM-1, and even the increase of ROS, which has harmful effects on the micro- and macrovasculature of the target organs affected in DM.