Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and 3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazino-[2,1-a]isoquinolin-4(11bH)-one (compound 1), the Nrf2 activators, were found to ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis (an animal model mimicking human IBD) via activating Nrf2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome [121,122]. The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.