Other cytokines have also been found to be elevated during the course of CRS, including IL-1, IL-2, IL-8, IL-5, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), driving some of its manifestations (Figure 1 and Table 2) [22,48,63,64,65,66,67,68]. Here, CSF2 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.