Due to the widely accepted neuroprotective actions of estrogens and to the great importance of the preservation of mitochondrial functions in neurodegenerative diseases [17,22,53], the delineation of the putative mitochondrial estrogen receptors’ anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant actions could uncover novel therapeutic targets for those high-risk disorders. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is neurodegenerative disease.