LCN2 and lobular neoplasia: This narrative review summarises the literature supporting the validity and potential clinical applications of many JSLE biomarkers, comprising a large array of clinical tests (e.g., PedANAM test in NPSLE), serum biomarkers (e.g., ApoB:ApoA1 ratio in CVD), urinary biomarkers (e.g., urinary NGAL in LN), combination biomarker panels (e.g., AGP-1/ceruloplamin/L-PGDS/transferrin in LN), tissue biopsy (e.g., renal biopsy in LN) and radiological biomarkers (US in arthritis).