Studies in JSLE have shown mixed results; one study found that serum S100A8/A9 and S100A12, and urinary S100A12 were significantly higher in JSLE patients (compared to JIA controls) and in patients with active versus inactive renal disease [93], while another study showed that although urinary S100A4, S100A6, S100A8/A9 and S100A12 were all elevated in active LN and fell with resolution of LN, the serum levels of S100 proteins did not correlate with disease activity [94]. This evidence concerns the gene S100A12 and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.