TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: In addition, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and interstitial lung fibrosis are particularly austere lung diseases [51], where TGF-β signaling is one of the most potent profibrotic inducer for accelerating the progression of lung fibrosis through recruiting and activating monocytes and fibroblasts as well as induction of ECM production in the lesion [52] (Figure 3).