CYCS and cancer: Second, as demonstrated in recent studies showing the molecular mechanisms of the apoptotic death in cancer [33,34,35], the cytoprotective action of CTPS was mediated via suppressing the cisp-induced apoptotic pathways such as the upregulation of Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c, PARP cleavage, caspase-3, -8, and -9, and the downregulation of Bcl-2.