TSC1 and tuberous sclerosis: Indeed, a similar pattern has been observed in different models of TSC, for example, decreased frequency of mIPSCs without a paired increase of mEPSC frequency both in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex of Tsc1+/− mice at P30 [74] and in hippocampal cultures [97], indicating a shift of E/I balance towards excitation.