PPARGC1A and metabolic syndrome: Additionally, the overexpression of H19 in muscle increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and cAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), SIRT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, and CD36, which suggests that H19 overexpression ameliorates glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and IR (Figure 2).