In vitro treatment with anti-PD-1 with or without lenvatinib on A549 (carcinoma cell line) seeded on 96-well plates with A549 showed a significant elevation secretion of IFN-γ by the primary CD8+ T cells of patients 4 and 5 in response to the combined treatments, compared with IFN-γ levels secreted by these cells following treatment with anti-PD1 alone (Figure 6). Here, IFNG is linked to carcinoma.