AFP and neoplasm: Although relatively few prediction models have been developed in Asian countries, a prospective cohort study of 395,875 subjects in Taiwan consistently predicted individual lung cancer risk with a c-statistic of 0.73–0.85 regardless of smoking status after integrating the risk factors of family history, tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or alpha fetoprotein (AFP)), and lung function (FEV1) [34].