Three secreted proteins, namely plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), fibronectin, and mac-2-binding protein (Mac-2 BP), that are involved in cell migration, differentiation, cell adhesion, morphogenesis, and oncogenic transformation were found to be highly expressed in NPC cells, but either weakly or not expressed in healthy nasopharynx cells [47]. Here, SERPINE1 is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.