CCL2 and carcinoma: However, acetylated SNAI1 can act as an activator to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) gene transcription, which in turn promote carcinoma progression and the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) [16].