Other components of the TME, such as tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, epigenetic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) repression, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), etc.), regulatory T-cells (Treg), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and M2 tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) can also contribute to an immunosuppressive therapy-resistant state. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.