TNF and Autoimmunity: The presence of large inflammatory infiltrates composed by F4/80+ myeloid cells and T. cruzi tetramer-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes producing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) but not interleukin 17 (IL-17) without neutrophils or immune complexes, advocates for a pathogen-specific type 1 immune response and not autoimmunity as the pathogenic mechanism.