IFNA1 and coinfection: Although there is no direct involvement of IAV induced IFN in regulating the SARS-CoV-2 co-infection, studies suggested that the higher infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in IAV infected patients may be due to ACE2 expression, which is IFN-stimulated gene (Ziegler et al., 2020; Bai et al., 2021).