The examined DEGs from ESCC, PDA, and CA overlapped, demonstrating that many DEGs are coincident among these three cancers, especially those in the groups with common gain or loss between ESCC and CA (Supplementary Fig. 15c); 12 genes, including ANO1, CTTN, PYGB, SOX4, SOX9, PMEPA1, etc., were commonly upregulated in all three types of cancers (Supplementary Fig. 15d and Supplementary Data 16), an effect possibly mediated by SE activation. This evidence concerns the gene PYGB and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.