The most significant outcome of our repurposing study is the prediction that several members of the alarmin family such as defensins, HMBG1, IL1α, IL25, IL33, TSLP, S100A4, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, S100B, S100P likely contribute to lung inflammation during COVID-19 (Fig 4) [68–70]. This evidence concerns the gene S100A4 and inflammation.