Low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of obesity demonstrated by increased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).60 However, the BMAs from obese mice61 and BM MSCs from obese humans60 do not exhibit a proinflammatory phenotype. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Obesity.