The T cell activating effect of this combination therapy was dependent on CD103+ DCs without the need for innate immune sensing pathways such as TLR, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) or interferon-α receptor (IFNAR) pathways, indicating that the CD40 pathway represents a distinct and alternative bridge between DCs and adaptive immunity in PDA (96). This evidence concerns the gene CD40 and Patent ductus arteriosus.