INS and diabetes mellitus: The diabetic population is continuously increasing in Pakistan.3 where 19.4 million people were estimated to have DM in 2019 which will rise to 26.2 million in 2030 and 37.1 million in 2045.2 Type-1 DM accounts for about 5–15% of all diabetes cases.4 It results from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells.