We took the same initial approach used for FUS to validate this method for the quantification of TDP-43 cytoplasmic mislocalisation: i.e. exogenous expression of known pathogenic mutations in TARDBP. We examined p.A315T, one of the earliest detected and thus most extensively examined mutations30–32, and two of the mutations most commonly observed in ALS patients: p.M337V and p.A382T11,31–33. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.