The induction of mTORC1 signaling in ccRCC may occur at several levels and by multiple mechanisms: First, genomic studies have identified genetic alterations activating the mTORC1 pathway including MTOR, PTEN, AKT, and PIK3CA in ~ 26% of ccRCC cases2. The gene discussed is PTEN; the disease is nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.