Nakamura et al. demonstrated that waist circumference, triglycerides, and creatinine were significant independent determinants of serum PEDF levels in diabetics; [63] however, strong, well-known risk factors such as age, blood pressure, and smoking were not related to PEDF.[63] PEDF has been shown to have neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease.[64]. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINF1 and Alzheimer disease.