In terms of the ten signatures, in LC2, four risk factors were highly expressed (HR > 1; CEACAM6, CEACAM1, HK3 and SLC36A1), and four protective factors showed low expression levels (HR < 1; NR3C2, RLN2, TRPC1 and FXYD7), suggesting their potential important roles in the macroenvironment of LC among tumorigenesis and tumour progression (Figure S8F). Here, RLN2 is linked to neoplasm.