Over expression of IL-6209, 5-Lipoxygenase210 and 5HTT transporter (5HTT)211 or knock out/down of BMPR-II212, adenosine receptor213, prostacyclin synthase214 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)215 demonstrated few characteristics of PAH, but failed to generate full-blown or advanced disease of PAH. The gene discussed is VIP; the disease is pulmonary arterial hypertension.