LCN2 and lobular neoplasia: Altogether, altered metabolism may serve as a promising biomarker or therapeutic target for lupus tissue disease, especially as metabolic gene expression changes precede expression of the renal damage biomarker LCN2 in human LN, and coincide with changes to HAVCR1. Indeed, urinalysis has been used to measure metabolite biomarkers in the kidney51,52 and metabolism transcripts could be used to estimate degree of kidney cell damage and assess treatment efficacy.