ISG15 and neoplasm: Compared with those treated with PBS, cGAMP highly increased expressions of the genes related to immune activation and stimulation of type I interferon pathway such as CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, IRF7, IRGM1, ISG15, OASL2 and PHF11D in both tumour ECs (Fig. 8b, c).