INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The development of clinically apparent T1DM is usually preceded by the appearance of autoantibodies to islet autoantigens, such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA),insulinoma-associated antigen 2/ICA512 (IA2A), insulin (IAA) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) (1–4).