IL-13 alone in the absence of infection results in a loss of stemness and decreased proliferative capacity and the emergence of a highly differentiated trajectory of IECs, including goblet and tuft cells (Biton et al., 2018; Gerbe et al., 2016; Hasnain et al., 2012; Howitt et al., 2016; McKenzie et al., 1998; von Moltke et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene IL13 and infection.