Interestingly, tumors of mice vaccinated with Ad-mAFP-DC (6–10 days after tumor induction) already showed changes within the tumor into a shift towards a Th1 cytokine milieu, expressing significantly more IL-12, IFNγ, IL-2 and GM-CSF compared to mice vaccinated with Ad-LacZ-DC (p < 0.05), (Figure 4a–d). Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.