While influenza virus is recognized by multiple PRRs including TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR10, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) (18), a central TLR4 signaling axis for the induction of ALI by multiple insults was proposed by Imai et al. (19). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.