TLR4 and influenza: Protection of mice and cotton rats from influenza-induced ALI has since been replicated with many other structurally and mechanistically distinct TLR4 antagonists including anti-TLR4 antibodies (25, 27), a cell-permeable TLR TIR decoy peptide (2R9) (28, 29), a virus-derived peptide 9R-VIPER (25, 30), a small molecule TLR4 antagonist, TAK242 (31, 32), another LPS analog antagonist (FP7) (33, 34), and the theta defensin, RC-101 (35).