IL1B and psychosocial stress measurement: Among humans and animals in vivo, experimental psychological stress tests acutely increase secretion of M1-associated pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokines like IL-1β [82, 89] via sympathetic arousal, and enhance the binding of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) in peripheral leukocytes [28], a transcriptional regulator that induces a pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype.