TNF and psoriasis: Assuming that immune response-related cytokines are increased in psoriasis, and that IMQ provokes inflammatory lesions through expression of cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-23A, in vivo [47,57,59], we observed the expression levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-23, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA and confirmed their increases following IMQ treatment, in agreement with the results reported in previous studies.