MCP-1 has also been evaluated in combination with other potential biomarkers, such as TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and NGAL, in the serum and urine of SLE andanti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) patients. Here, CCL2 is linked to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.