ALCAM and kidney disorder: VCAM-1 higher in active renal disease [54]. Presence of LN, clinical and histological activity indexes severe renal lesions [55,56] VCAM-1 and ALCAM elevated in active LN [57,58] ICAM-1 elevated in SLE patients [59] VCAM-1, cystatin C, and KIM-1 discrimination between proliferative versus membranous LN. Non-specific for SLE [60] NGAL; higher in LN than in non-LN patients [61]