Using high-throughput proteomic technologies, the expression levels of VCAM-1 and nine other urinary biomarkers (b2M, calbindin D, cystatin C, IL-18, KIM-1, MCP-1, nephrin, NGAL, and Vitamin D binding protein (VDBP)) were tested in SLE patients with active or inactive nephritis. Here, CST3 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.