TNF and Parkinson disease: High levels of interleukin-1β (IL1-β), IL-6, TNFα, interferon γ (IFNγ), cyclooxygenase type 2 (Cox-2), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), infiltrating peripheral immune cells, and ROS were found in post-mortem PD brains as well as in cerebrospinal fluids of patients with PD.