CCL5 and inflammatory response: Activated NFκB induces the expression of type I Interferon which is critical for innate immunity; (2) PA-induced activation of CASP1 enhances the production of IL1β, which enhances inflammation; (3) PA also activates PTGS2 (COX2), which leads to pulmonary inflammation and lung tissue damage; and (4) PA activates FOS and NFκB, which leads to the increased production of IL6, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8, IL1β, leading to hypercytokinemia and pulmonary inflammation (Figure 5).