, , –18 UCP-LF CAA assay has a particularly high sensitivity and specificity, and hence, might be especially well suited for detection of low infection intensities19. Although CAA can be detected both in urine and serum, a urine UCP-LF CAA test can be more sensitive than a serum UCP-LF CAA test due to the adaptability to use large sample volume20. –22 Collection of urine rather than blood usually results in higher compliance. This evidence concerns the gene UCP1 and infection.