IL1B and depressive symptom measurement: This notion stems from a larger number of human and rodent studies, which found elevated levels of inflammatory markers including but not limited to C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1-family cytokines like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 in CPSS/CPPS or depression [15, 70–78].