INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In reference to the group without MAFLD and NAFLD (control group), group N reduced all-cause mortality by around 50%, and the association was non-significant after age, sex and race-ethnicity were adjusted; group M independently increased the risk of all-cause mortality by 47%; group M+N was significantly associated with elevated all-cause mortality unless waist circumference, HbA1c, SBP, TG and fasting insulin were adjusted [HR 0.96 (0.86, 1.07)] (Figure 2A, Table 2).