Stratification of all SLE patients based on the presence of detectable IFN-α, and comparisons with healthy controls (Figure 4) revealed a significant increase in levels of galectin-9 (p<0.001), CXCL10 (p<0.001), CCL19 (p=0.004), and CCL2 (p=0.019) but not CXCL8 among patients with detectable IFN-α (Figure 4). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and systemic lupus erythematosus.