CCL2 and brain infarction: Overexpression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) after ischemia-reperfusion injury down-regulates CCL2, resulting in a significant reduction in the area of cerebral infarction (85), indicating that the neuroprotective effect was due to inhibition of the expression of chemokine CCL2, thus, confirming the neurotoxic effect of CCL2.