LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Multiple mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced hypertension, one of which is related to high circulating levels of leptin (Rausch et al., 1991; Hall et al., 2001, 2010; Rahmouni et al., 2005a,b; Friedman, 2009; Bell and Rahmouni, 2016).