Moreover, in diabetic ApoE null mice, PKCβ is involved in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis via regulation of the IL-18/IL-18BP and MAP kinase signaling pathways and promotes VCAM-1 expression, macrophage adhesion, EC dysfunction, aorta and macrophage inflammatory responses (Kong et al., 2013; Durpes et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene APOE and atherosclerosis.