On the other hand, EPO increased BDNF content in rat brain following embolic stroke (Wang et al., 2004) and in neurotoxin-challenged rat hippocampal neurons (Viviani et al., 2005), increased BDNF content and anti-apoptotic signaling in brains of haloperidol-challenged rats (Pillai et al., 2008), and augmented hippocampal BDNF content and preserved spatial and fear memory in aged rats (Jia et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene EPO and stroke disorder.