TXNIP and synucleinopathy: Importantly, SAL inhibited microglia-mediated indirect DAergic neurotoxicity, suggesting that ERS can promote a deleterious microglial neurodegenerative phenotype eventually contributing to the nigral DAergic neurodegenerative process in vivo, suggesting that microglial NLRP3 and TXNIP may represent critical pathological correlates in PD pathogenesis and other synucleinopathies.